In this technological era, understanding basic cybersecurity terms is essential for everyone. With the rise in cyber threats, having knowledge about these terms can help you protect yourself online. Here’s a list of common cybersecurity-related terms that every Nigerian should know, I’ll keep updating the list to include more useful information:
1. Malware
Malware is short for “malicious software.” It refers to any software designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise devices (computers, smartphones etc) or networks. Common types of malware include viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware.
2. Virus
A virus is a type of malware that attaches itself to a legitimate applications or file and spreads to other applications or files when activated. It can corrupt, delete, or steal your data, and it often spreads through email attachments, infected websites, or removable media like USB drives etc.
3. Trojan
A trojan (or Trojan horse) is a type of malware disguised as a legitimate application. Once installed, it can create a backdoor on your device or computer, allowing hackers to access and control your system without your knowledge. Unlike viruses, trojans do not self-replicate.
4. Phishing
Phishing is a cyberattack method where attackers disguise themselves as trustworthy entities to trick individuals into providing sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card numbers. This often happens through deceptive emails, messages, or websites that look legitimate.
5. Social Engineering
Social engineering involves manipulating people into revealing confidential information. Attackers may use various psychological tricks to gain trust and persuade individuals to divulge passwords, bank details, or other sensitive data.
6. Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts your data and demands payment (a ransom) to restore access. If you fall victim to ransomware, you may be unable to access your files until you pay the attacker. However, paying the ransom does not guarantee that your data will be restored.
7. Spyware
Spyware is malware designed to spy on you. It secretly monitors your activities, collects personal information, and sends it to the attacker. Spyware can track your internet usage, capture keystrokes, and access sensitive data.
8. Adware
Adware is software that automatically displays or downloads unwanted advertisements on your device or computer. While not always malicious, it can be intrusive and is often bundled with other software. Some adware can track your browsing habits to display targeted ads.
Note that adware is different from in-app ads i.e. those ads you see within an app when using it, those are legitimate ads included in the app. Adwares are different in that they are unknowingly downloaded most times and display unwanted ads that frequently popup automatically interrupting you for instance when trying to make a call or do something else on your device.
9. Firewall
A firewall is a security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It acts as a barrier between your internal network and untrusted external networks, such as the internet.
10. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)
Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer of security to your online accounts. In addition to your password, activating 2FA will require that you must provide a second form of verification, such as a code sent to your phone or a fingerprint scan.
11. VPN (Virtual Private Network)
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a service that encrypts your internet connection and hides your IP address, making your online actions more secure and private. It’s especially useful when using public Wi-Fi networks.
12. Brute Force Attack
A brute force attack is a trial-and-error method used by attackers to guess passwords, encryption keys, or login credentials. The attacker systematically tries every possible combination until the correct one is found.
13. Black Hat Hacker
A black hat hacker is someone who uses their technical skills for malicious purposes. They engage in illegal activities such as hacking into systems, stealing data, and creating malware.
14. White Hat Hacker
A white hat hacker is an ethical hacker who uses their skills to help organizations find and fix security vulnerabilities. They often work as security consultants or penetration testers.
15. Data Breach
A data breach occurs when sensitive, protected, or confidential data is accessed or disclosed without authorization. This can involve personal information, financial data, or intellectual property.
16. Penetration Testing
Penetration testing (or pen testing) is the practice of testing a computer system, network, or web application for vulnerabilities by simulating an attack. The goal is to identify and fix security weaknesses.
17. Cyber Hygiene
Cyber hygiene refers to the routine practices and steps that users and organizations take to maintain system health and improve security. This includes regular software updates, strong passwords, and data backups.
18. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
Multi-factor authentication (MFA) requires users to provide two or more verification factors to gain access to a system or account. This typically includes something you know (password), something you have (security token), and something you are (biometric verification). An example of MFA is 2FA I already explained in number 10 above.
19. Social Media Engineering
Social media engineering is a form of social engineering that takes place on social media platforms. Attackers may create fake profiles, send deceptive messages, or post malicious links to trick users into revealing information or clicking on harmful content.
20. Identity Theft
Identity theft occurs when someone steals your personal information to commit fraud, such as opening credit accounts, filing taxes, or making purchases in your name. Protecting personal information and being cautious about sharing it can help prevent identity theft.
These are some of the basic cybersecurity terms you should be familiar with to better understand the risks and take proactive steps to protect yourself and your information online. If you need further explanation of any of the above terms or one that is not included here, please feel free to leave a comment to get an answer from me or someone else.
Stay safe online!
